Individual Operations Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Singular Operations Management Report - Essay Example In the wake of leading an examination utilizing Statistical procedure control apparatuses, the organization found that there forms are crazy and they are not fulfilling the quality guidelines. Chapter by chapter guide Introduction and Problem Description: 3 Methodology: 3 Results: 4 Types of Data: 4 3 Sigma control for the procedures: 4 Discussion and proposals: 7 Conclusion: 8 Bibliography: 9 Appendix: 10 Introduction and Problem Description: RTP Industries is one of the most eminent makers of steel and aluminum items. The organization holds its stride in the significant nations of the world and works all inclusive. Because of firm rivalry in the ongoing years from Chinese and Indian producers, the organization has lost a huge bit of its piece of the pie. To restore itself, the organization is underlining on innovative work program so as to improve new items. Quality has remained the top need from that point forward as the organization expects that through quality affirmation and co ntrol it can again support its deals. Complete Quality administration has been at the core of company’s vision and it has been acquainting apparatuses and methods with keep up the nature of its items. One of the apparatuses it has as of late sent is Statistical Process Control for estimating the presentation of the assembling procedure and to let distinguish it there are any shortcomings all the while. As of late, the organization has gotten a great deal of grumblings with respect to the pressure driven items. It was accepted that the errors in the size and surface nature of the steel poles are causing spillages in water driven items. Philosophy: In request to satisfy the necessary guidelines and improve its quality, the quality administrator has intended to run a Statistical Process Control Analysis. A Statistical procedure control includes an arbitrary examining of the yield of the procedure which decides if the procedure is satisfying the quality guidelines or not. For the above reason, the quality chief has haphazardly gathered information on tests of three steel bars day by day. The quality chief gathered two kinds of information The distance across of the chose steel poles was estimated and recorded in centimeters over a multi day duration. The quantity of surface mistakes in the chose steel poles was determined and recorded over a multi day time frame. Results: Types of Data: There are two unique sorts of information given to us in this situation. The primary information is worried about the breadths of the chose steel poles. As we realize that distance across is a persistent factors and it can take any esteem in this manner we will utilize a x graph as a Statistical procedure control diagram to screen the procedure. The second arrangement of information contains data about the quantity of surface blunders in the chose steel poles. The second sort of information has utilized inspecting through traits measure for the assortment reason. Since it co ntains data about whether there are surface blunders in the steel bar in this manner it is estimating the properties of the steel poles. We will utilize a c diagram as a Statistical Process Control instrument for checking this procedure since there are more than one surface mistakes in some steel poles so we will tally number of blunders per steel pole. 3 Sigma control for the procedures: Size of measurements of poles: For the main example of information with respect to the distance across of the

Mr. Yang Free Essays

Presentation as of late, the opposition between minimal effort aircrafts/no nonsense carriers and inheritance carriers has excite a warmth banter, particularly In North America. In spite of the fact that aircraft Industries Including assorted errands, choosing the cost of plane ticket may be the most noteworthy part In showcasing. This task endeavors to examination the diverse evaluating methodologies that Airline organizations make to upgrade seriousness in North America. We will compose a custom paper test on Mr. Yang or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now In addition, these correlations will be upheld by instances of minimal effort aircraft (Southwest Airline) and heritage carrier (American Airlines). Right off the bat, cussing the activity, which is called ease bearer. Furthermore, investigation their methodology in characterizing cost. Last parts are an advancement with these focuses and a proof of the fruitful encounters in the carrier business. Key point 1 â€Å"Pricing† is a valuable system for Airline Companies to expand their benefit. It is generally accepted that Airline Industry has become extreme on the grounds that there are more than 200 carriers organizations endeavor diminishing cost of plane tickets. Confronting the extreme rivalry, Low Price may be the strategy utilized via carriers. What's more, â€Å"Fixed cost†, the fundamental costs o malting an organization, Is different challenges In customary aircraft organizations for covering monetary circumstance because of issue of Inflation. The two difficulties danger aircrafts as of late, subsequently some customary aircrafts move to Low-Cost transporter (LLC) to streamline unit costs. Besides, the expense in Human Resource (HRS)/cost of representatives possibly ascend to the most costly part in fixed expenses, anyway the disadvantages generally are disregarded by customary carriers (Laurie H. 006. POP 5). At the end of the day, LLC is an origination that reacts the lower cost to bring down cost. Southwest aircraft, one of the LLC Airline Company, has become a popular case learned by Ryan Air, Easy Jet and other Low-Cost Carrier, since Southwest carrier diminished not just the expense in their human asset division yet in addition In numerous methodologies Including cost of amusement, freight, dinner and extra assistance (Hall, A. 2007 Completed In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of MM 5210 up). Despite what might be expected, despite the fact that lower estimating cost appears rationale, there are contentions guaranteed by masters: Ryan Gannett (2012) questioned that there is an emotional development (182. 0%) in normal of fuel per gallon from 2005 to 2011, travelers are as often as possible requesting gear and administrations added to lodges. Can the continually expanded expense be secured by Southwest carrier? Nonetheless, as indicated by the Flight Global Data Research Team (2013 Top 1 0: The Americas): Southwest Airline accomplished number one (133. 2 Passengers for each mile) of measure of deals in 2013 (Manuel A. H. What's more, Steven N. W. 2013). Besides, International Air Transportation Association (DATA) distributed the most up to date rank In 2014: Southwest carrier conveyed 115. 323 thousand travelers to e the hero also. These techniques help themselves getting more serious than Lorene organizations and effective. Into the future, and this ascent will put an ever more noteworthy strain on Southwest’s effectively exhausted edges. In the event that oil costs are managed with conviction, at that point Southwest is an incredible venture; however up to that point, Southwest is Just too powerless against even think about oiling costs. Key point 2 An exact cost can bolster an organization to build their benefit. As of late aircraft, organizations like to follow the dynamic value framework to coordinate the requests f clients, in this way carrier organizations characterize the most costly plane ticket on Friday night and the least expensive on Tuesday morning due to â€Å"Travel scheme† which is decide to go on ends of the week at that point return on Sunday or Monday, respect this issue, aircrafts confronted the issue: go betweens sell Open-Jaw tickets on ends of the week and purchase Open-Jaw tickets on Tuesday. Open-Jaw ticket is â€Å"Return ticket† can be utilized in whenever and isolated in two single passes to offer to two clients. These tickets colossally declined the income when less expensive ticket was utilized in the pinnacle time frame ND clients could purchase another ticket in different aircrafts too, it produce the love: the Revenue, Coverage, Loading and Reputation. (Tim H. 2011). At the point when others aircraft were utilized to follow dynamic value framework, American Airline (AAA) declared â€Å"Saturday night remain over restriction† to against this hazard. The limitation points the difficult that is brought about by open-Jaw ticket on ends of the week (Tim H. 2011 IPPP). By utilizing the techniques, AAA can procure reward as much as $500 million every year from backtalk. Regardless of choice is chosen by travelers, The most significant impacts in unique value segregation emerge not from an endeavor o remove more cash from the shopper, yet from tending to inadequate markets, and specifically from the worth and expenses of advance contracting. Key point 3 In the inverse, specialists represented that the ticket cost ought to be packaged with request, because of the cost is chosen by customers’ request (Diego E. 2013). In this manner, carrier organizations frequently need to think about the need among cost and stacking in various planning. To be increasingly exact, in some cases the hilter kilter cost may be brought about by lower pace of stacking (Manuel A. H. Also, Steven N. W. 2013). As a potato of reality, the lower request shows the pass cost can't be expanded even in blast season; this is the motivation behind why a few masters suggest finding the requests first and next characterizing cost. Nonetheless, the Price needs to react the fixed expense, henceforth carriers need to think expanding benefit with Demand and Cost (Diego E. 2013). All things considered if the enormity of seats were discharged to sold in the day close to the flight date, it is conceivable the high-hazard will be confronted is enormous measure of void seat (Diego E. 013). End To summarize, this paper has indicated that there are away from of utilizing evaluating catastrophe in the aircraft business of North America. As referenced in my subsequent lessening costs; besides the instance of Southwest carrier proofs it in various drew nearer, and t he minimal effort procedures help them to turn into the most mainstream aircraft in north America in 2013-14. All things considered, in the fourth passage, it shows the centrality of characterizing cost with skim framework by heritage carrier organizations, in light of the fact that the diverse planning reflects distinctive expense and factors. The most effective method to refer to Mr. Yang, Papers

How Long-Term Marijuana Use Affects Memory

How Long-Term Marijuana Use Affects Memory Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print How Long-Term Marijuana Use Affects Memory By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on June 25, 2019 Nastasic / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Long-term marijuana use causes memory, the speed of thinking and other cognitive abilities to get worse over time, but cognitive abilities are also affected in short-term pot smokers who use marijuana frequently. Researchers studying heavy marijuana users (four or more joints per week) in Greece found that frequent marijuana users performed worse than non-users on a test of cognitive abilities. Those who had smoked for more than 10 years had more problems with their thinking abilities than those who had used for five to 10 years. We found that the longer people used marijuana, the more deterioration they had in these cognitive abilities, especially in the ability to learn and remember new information, said study author Lambros Messinis, Ph.D., of the Department of Neurology of the University Hospital of Patras in Patras, Greece. In several areas, their abilities were significant enough to be considered impaired, with more impairment in longer-term users than shorter-term users. Cognitive Abilities Slowed The researchers made the following observations: Compared to non-smokers, marijuana users performed worse in recall, recognition and executive functions of the brain.?In making decisions, long-term users showed a 70 percent impaired performance, compared to 55 percent for short-term users and eight percent for non-users.In a test to remember a list of words that were read to them earlier, non-users remembered 12 of the 15 words, short-term users remember an average of nine words, and long-term users remembered an average of seven.Frequent smokers performed worse on tests of cognitive abilities, including divided attention (ability to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time) and verbal fluency (number of words generated within a time limit). Participants Had to Abstain The study involved people ages 17 to 49 in a drug abuse treatment program in Athens, Greece. Twenty were long-term users, 20 shorter-term users and 24 control subjects who had used marijuana at least once, but not more than 20 times and not in the past two years. Those who had used any other drugs, such as cocaine or stimulants, during the past year or for more than three months throughout their lives, were not included in the study. Before the tests were performed, all participants had to abstain from marijuana for at least 24 hours, according to the researchers.

The Issue Of Child Marriage - 938 Words

Poverty is cyclical and the best indicator if a child will end up in poverty is if her parents live in poverty. One common practices among families with girls living in poverty is child marriages. It has been found that poverty is the main driver of child marriage and traps girls and their families in a cycle of poverty (Poverty Girls). The practice of child marriage is more common in families who are already in poverty and perpetuates the cycle. In recent years, child marriage has gained increasing prominence on international and national development agendas. The issue of child marriage has been heavily criticized in India because of its continued practice after appropriate legislation has been passed against it. Child marriage has always been a common practice in India and has continued to flourish because of deep rooted social and cultural customs, illiteracy, poverty, inadequate education opportunities, inferior status of women in society, and poor law enforcement (Bhanderi). Eve n though child marriage is a violation of ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ and ‘Rights of a child,’ deemed by the United Nations, it is still a common practice globally, and specifically in India (The Universal Declaration). It is our ethical duty as individuals and as citizens of the world to end child marriages by empowering girls, providing services, and by establishing and implementing laws and policies. By doing so, we not only are investing in our girls, but also investing andShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Child Marriage1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the United States, marriage is seen as a sacred and consensual institution, but in developing countries, many children are introduced to marriage in a different manner. According to the United Nations Population Fund, one girl in every three is married before the age of eighteen in developing countries (Child Marriage, 1). Are the measures previously taken by the International Law community that attempt to put and end to child marriages an effective measure to stop this violationRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesChild marriage is one of the hardest things a teenage child could face. It is basically a violation of children’s human rights. It is strictly prohibited by international law. Early marriage takes away the girls right to make important decisions about their sexual health and well being. Historically, patriarchal societies have marginalized women in various aspects across the world. Women disenfranchisement, in this way, is not a n ew phenomenon. However, with the passage of time women have been ableRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage843 Words   |  4 PagesFor generations, there has been a global issue called child marriage when children under 18 years old are forced to get married. In this custom, girls have no choice but to follow the arrangement of their families and people in the communities to marry somebody that they do not want to, leading to many other social problems. Unfortunately, child marriage is still considered legal and accepted in many regions, making it harder than ever to be removed. Therefore, on behalf of every individual againstRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage2721 Words   |  11 PagesPractice and customs surrounding marriage, such as preferable age and selection of spouse differ from society to society, according to understandings, structures and patterns of lives of families in each society. Marriage is a basic human right which is legally defined by a set of stipulations. The existence of a minimum age for marriage is one of those conditions. Afghanistan is in the top of 49 countries for bride under age marriages. 70 to 80 % of the marriage in this country is either beforeRead MoreChild Marriage Is A Global Issue1609 Words   |  7 PagesChild Brides are young girls married before the age of 18 years old. As of today, 1 in 3 girls are being married off in many developing countries.(girlsnotbrides.org) That is, 15 million girls under the age of 18, that are being deprived of an education, robbed of their innocence and childhood, are having their life jeopardized by health issues related to child marriage. Child marriage is a global issue, negatively affecting and violating the human rights of many young girls being married beforeRead MoreChild Marriages: A human rights issue2995 Words   |  12 Pageslaying on a woven mat swearing suffering, terribly begging God to protect their newborns. These children won’t be found in any official registers, nor will they ever posses any identification cards. Age is therefore determined by seasons, deaths, marriages, and moves. Within the household the power of decision goes to man of the house. The best way to understand the life of young girl in these desolate countries is by stepping in their shoes. In 2008, such a young girl welcomed the world into her homeRead MoreStruggle for Children’s Rights987 Words   |  4 Pagesof a 10-year-old wife - who was suffering from child marriage (Worth, â€Å"Voices Child Marriage Yemen†). Child marriage is a terrible scenario for children, especially for little girls. They are forced to marry, before they are mature enough due to social norms, traditions and their family members, whom they are depending on. According to statistics in 2013, in Bangladesh, the child marriage prevalence under the age of 18 is 66%. 240 among 100,000 child wives died, when they gave birth. In Niger, thisRead MorePersuasive Essay About Overpopulation1455 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation issue and ways to help solve it The big question is whether humanity is getting too big and, in the process, endangering the wellbeing of people, and our planet. Overpopulation is a real thing it’s happening right now in some parts of the world. Delay marriage, ending child marriages, and women empowerment might not seem like a lot, but it actually is. All these things can help the overpopulation problem we are facing today in certain parts of the world and in the future. If we allRead MoreFamily Law Is An Area That Concern About Legal Issues Involving1283 Words   |  6 Pages Family law is an area that concern about legal issues involving family relationships, such as marriage, divorce, adoption and child custody. Every country has its own family law and its typically influences by the issue, culture and religion in that country. In Malaysia, family law is divided into two categories; Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) and the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce). Malaysia is an Islamic country. Hence, this family law distinguishes between Muslims and non-MuslimsRead MoreChild Marriage Should Not Solve Our Problems With The Same Thinking Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesworld, marriage is viewed as a minute of delight and festival however the act of early marriage gives no such foundation for festival. Child marriage characterized as formal relational unions or standard and legal unions perceived as marriage before the age of 18. Marriage is similar to a school; a college with guidelines and laws. In what capacity would we be able to anticipate that a y oung girl will manufacture a crew? In what capacity can a girl be a mother of another kid? Child marriage is a gigantic

A Discussion About The Trajectory Of Economic Cooperation

In a discussion about the trajectory of economic cooperation, the default prediction may be that we will see the international community move toward economic cooperation because it facilitates freer trade, which benefits all. After all, the theory of comparative advantage tells us that nations will achieve greater economic growth by directing factors of production toward abundant resource industries and trading with other nations for goods derived from resources scarce to them, and this trade requires cooperation to arrange and regulate. However, the global political economy presents complexities and nuances that challenge this generalization. Many of the determining factors of the movement, or lack thereof, toward economic openness†¦show more content†¦Both of these steps focus on trade negotiations and the facilitation of free trade through the lowering of tariffs and resolution of trade disputes. (citation?) Factors leading toward or against free trade must also lead toward or against economic cooperation. Of prime importance is the public support, or lack thereof, of a state’s expansion of trade with others. Within nations, those who gain from trade expansion will favor it, while those who lose will favor protectionism. Therefore, individuals in either group form political alignments that go on to affect a state’s engagement or disengagement in economic cooperation. One way of examining the winners and losers of free trade is through the Stolper-Samuelson theorem. Wolfgang F. Stolper and Paul A. Samuelson explain that owners of abundant factors benefit from free trade while owners of scarce factors lose. This owes to the principle of comparative advantage, whereby, when trade expands, national markets transfer land, labor, and capital toward those industries relying on abundant factors, which produce commodities more efficiently. These industries become export industries. Conversely, those industries relying on scarce factors will lose land, labor, and capital in favor of purchase of these goods abroad, where factors are more abundant (Stolper and Samuelson). Thus, these

Top Phd Creative Writing Guide!

Top Phd Creative Writing Guide! The Fundamentals of Phd Creative Writing Revealed The returns that could be gained by means of a story writing contest aren't entirely financial. Short story awards truly don't contend with one another, either. St George and the Dragon appears to have appeared in plenty of guises all around the world and all the way during the ancient past. Creative writing students will finish a creative dissertation and analytical essay in order to complete their degree. They learn how to probe the secrets of human motivation and create real characters that can cause suspense and conflict. The student will get acquainted with the most important elements of psychoanalytic criticism, Marxism and feminism and inspect the significance of structuralism and post-structuralism. While our students generally concentrate on a specific genre, many of them experiment in a number of genres, wanting to borrow tools from different forms that prove useful to their principal work. In any case, great writers are really really tough to find out in the actual worldCreativity is a really marketable skill. After all, the 2 experiences aren't entirely identical and we are still quite capable of distinguishing them. If you recognize somewhere you want to live and write, that's a great place to begin. Try to remember that setting influences style, so select a location that suits your style. The Hidden Gem of Phd Creative Writing There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. To start with, you will be contending alongside different writers, and certain contestants are extremely competent. As a consequence, it is easy to multiply your opportunities for a cash prize. Lots of people win writing awards and put on a large hard cash income, every year. If you would like to get the very best result for your thesis, you should be flexible in your work. Translated work isn't going to be accepted. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to avoid low superior services. At Birmingham you also have the choice of studying languages, at no cost. Simply take the opportunity to produce a decision you'll be able to live with for the the next couple of years and beyond. As a conclusion, our group of skilled experts also provides a last verdict which will help you make a well-informed choice. 1 reason may be teaching opportunities. Pursuit of a PhD to provide you more time to delay the work market is also a poor idea. Classes could incorporate the next topics. All students are also required to finish a dissertation. Most certainly you'll locate a school that is right for you. Some schools may make it possible for you to apply with just a bachelor's degree. You might also work as a literacy tutor for kids. There are times that you don't wish to recognize each speaker. The result is again to bury the actual topic sentence a couple of sentences deep in the paragraph. There are 30 doctoral programs that provide a PhD in Creative Writing in the United States of america. You have to submit a writing sample as a crucial element of your application. Microsoft is trying to compete with Adobe in developing a new standard. There are many e-book compilers, many free, that may be used to make a little exe file of your report. The issue is that pdf file creators are quite pricey. Other admissions requirements will be different based on the institution, but a minimum GPA and GRE scores are very likely to be required. More information concerning the graduate program are found by contacting the Department of English or visiting their site. Learn the length of time the program was established. Graduate Certificate Creative Writing programs may be a fantastic way to rapidly build your creative writing abilities and knowledge.

The novel free essay sample

The novel is really a story of Robert Peck’s growing up. The conflict, therefore, is not so much of good vs. bad or man vs. man; instead, it is a tale of a boy’s coming into age and maturing into an early manhood. Protagonist Robert Peck, the young Shaker boy who is twelve and thirteen during the novel, is the protagonist. He must face several problems, each of which helps him to grow up. Antagonist Robert’s antagonist is life with its many challenges and accepting the responsibility it imposes. During the novel, he has several conflicts, including saving Apron (Mr. Tanner’s cow), having to kill Pinky (his pet pig), having to accept his father’s early death, and taking over the management of the farm. Climax There are several mini-climaxes in the book when Robert proves that he is accepting responsibility and growing up, such as the time when he risks his own life to save Apron and when he accepts that Pinky must be killed. We will write a custom essay sample on The novel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The real climax occurs, however, when he finds his father dead in the barn and immediately assumes full responsibility of making the funeral arrangements and managing the farm. His Shaker father has prepared Robert well for manhood, which is thrust early on to the thirteen year old boy. Outcome The plot ends as a tragic comedy. Robert proves that he can accept the responsibilities of manhood, and the reader realizes that at the young of age thirteen, he will be able to support the family and run the farm. Two tragic events help him grow up. The first is accepting the fact that Pinky, his pet, must be killed since she is barren and is needed as food for the family; Robert bravely helps his father stab the pig although it almost breaks his heart. The second event is accepting that his father is dying and then actually finding him dead in the barn; in spite of his great grief over the loss, Robert quickly accepts the responsibility of making the funeral arrangements and managing the farm. SHORT PLOT / CHAPTER SUMMARY (Synopsis) Robert, a twelve-year-old Shaker boy, leaves school without permission, in order to avoid a fight, because he is being teased on the playground for his strange clothes and strange ways. Not wanting to go home and get in trouble for cutting classes, he goes out into the field above his house. There he finds Apron, Mr. Tanner’s prize calf, in pain and misery as she tries to give birth to a calf. Since Robert is a kind and helpful farm boy, he assists Apron in delivering the calf. When she begins to choke, he also reaches his arm into Apron’s mouth and pulls out a goiter from her throat. In the process, Robert is hurt and knocked unconscious. Mr. Tanner arrives in the field and finds Robert. He picks him up and carries him home to the Peck farm, where his mother and father come to his aid. His mother cleans his wound and puts stitches in his arm, and his father carries him up to his bedroom. All the while, Robert is worried about the fact that he has skipped school and tries to explain to his parents. After Robert is healed, Mr. Tanner comes to the Peck farm with a baby piglet. It is a present for young Robert to say thanks for saving the cow and calf. Mr. Peck, a strict Shaker father, will not allow Robert to take the pig, for the Shaker way is not to accept rewards for being neighborly. As a result, Mr. Tanner insists that Robert keep the piglet as a birthday present. Mr. Peck permits his son to accept the birthday gift. Robert is delighted, for the piglet is the first thing he has ever owned. Shakers do not believe in any kind of frill; therefore, Robert has never had a toy or a bicycle. Robert, with his father’s help, builds a pen for his pig that he names Pinky. He then begins to care for the animal like a pet. He plays with her, takes her for walks, bathes her, and brings her special treats to eat. He also protects her when she is scared and talks to her as if she were human. Pinky flourishes under Robert’s care; she grows rapidly and in ten weeks is as big s the boy, largely because Robert feeds her so well. He even keeps a record of what she eats, for he wants her to become a large and healthy brood sow. Robert looks forward to June and summer vacation. It will give him more time to spend with Pinky and to enjoy himself. On the last of school, he comes home to find that Aunt Matty is visiting; she is a good friend of his mother from Learning and used to be an English teacher. When she finds out that Robert has received a D in English on his final report card of the year, she is horrified and insists upon tutoring him. When she quizzes him on grammar, Robert cannot answer a single question. As a result, she tries to show him how to diagram a sentence, a task that has no meaning to the boy. Totally frustrated with his efforts, Aunt Matty tells Mrs. Peck it would be easier to teach the pig. During the summer, Mr. Tanner asks Robert to go with him to the Rutland Fair to help with showing his calves. He also tells the boy he can take Pinky along to show her. Robert can hardly believe his good fortune, for he has never been out of the vicinity of Learning, Vermont in his life. At the fair, Robert is amazed by everything he sees and hears. He believes that Rutland must be as big as London, England and that the camera flashes he sees must be as bright as the bombs in the war. He is especially proud when he is introduced in the show ring as Mr. Robert Peck. He is equally embarrassed when he throws up on the judge’s foot. In spite of everything, Pinky wins a blue ribb the best-behaved pig. Back on the farm, Robert is eager for Pinky to prove her worth as a brood sow. Even though she is brer. Tanner’s prize bull, Samson, she does not bear a litter. Since Pinky eats too much to keep as a pet, Robert knows that she must be slaughtered for food. The thought is almost more than the boy can bear. He has equal difficulty accepting the fact that his father is very sick. Mr. Peck tells his son that it will probably be his last winter on earth, for he is failing fast. He explains to Robert that as the only male on the farm, he must assume all the responsibility, a big task for a boy who has not yet turned twelve. Robert promises he will do his best. As winter approaches, Mr. Peck tries to kill a deer to have provisions in the storehouse for the winter. When he is not successful, he knows it is time to slaughter Pinky. One morning he tells Robert that they must get the task behind them. The boy has to listen as Mr. Peck cracks Pinky’s skull and hold her down as his father slits her throat. Robert tells his pa that his heart is broken; the stern Mr. Peck admits that his is broken as well. When Robert sees his father shed a tear for the first time, he forgives him for killing Pinky. Although Mr. Peck lives through the winter, he dies in early May. Robert simply finds him one morning on his straw bed in the barn. After telling Mrs. Peck and Aunt Carrie that Papa will not be coming in for breakfast ever again, the boy goes into town to bring Mr. Wilcox, the Shaker undertaker. Robert then goes about informing the neighbors, digging a grave, and preparing a eulogy. In the way that he handles the funeral arrangements, it is clear that this thirteen-year-old Shaker lad has prematurely become a man.

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Essay Example

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Paper Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Deductive and Inductive Reasoning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deductive and Inductive Reasoning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deductive and Inductive Reasoning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Why is it important to get to know the conversation surrounding your topic and your argument in an academic argument? This will enable you to evaluate the points in the conversation and relate them to the main theme and allow you structure your argument in a comprehensive way. Induction is the form of reasoning in which we come to conclusions about the whole based on observations of particular instances. What is the risk of inductive reasoning? Inductive reasoning does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion that the person arrives at in a situation. Therefore, the person’s vague conclusion can lead him or her towards a wrong direction in the particular situation. If you notice that the four items you bought at the campus bookstore are higher-priced than the four items at the bookstore downtown, you may conclude that the campus bookstore is a more expensive place to shop. What kind of reasoning is this? Inductive or deductive? This is inductive reasoning because I will not have based my conclusion on facts of pricing on all other items in the shop but on my assumption after only observing the first purchase. A scientific principle called the† uniformity of nature† assumes that certain conclusions about oak trees growing in the temperate zones of North America will also be true for all oak trees growing under similar climatic conditions elsewhere in the world. What kind of reasoning is this? Inductive or deductive? This is deductive reasoning because the scientific method was employed in determining the principle, which explores genetic facts of the oak trees. Conclusions reached through inductive reasoning are probable because there is no guarantee that they will apply in the same situation in future occurrences. In a syllogism, if one of the series of statements called premises is false, deductive logic tells us that the conclusion must be false because to maintain the validity of the argument because for the argument to be warranted it must make sense. Use deductive reasoning to find the best answer.If there are no dancers that are not slim and no singers that are not dancers, then which statements are always true? The first premise states there are no dancers that are not slim. The second states there are no singers that are not dancers. The best answer is that all singers are slim because from the first premise we deduce that every dancer is slim and the second premise suggests that every singer is a dancer. Use deductive reasoning to choose the best answer.This is data supplied by the cabbage growers union report for 2007: 80% of cabbages collected were heavy (over 0.5 kg), 10% of cabbages were green, 60% were red and 50% were big (having a diameter of over 10 cm). Which of the following statements must be false? a) All red cabbages were not big. b) 30% of the red cabbages were big c) There were no cabbages that were both green and big d) half of the cabbages were small. The false statement is that 30% of the r ed cabbages were big this conclusion does not relate with the premises of red and big cabbages. The percentage is wrong and invalid. Use a 3-part syllogism to answer this. Change the following invalid conclusion to make it valid. You have to be 16 years old to get a driver’s license. Abby will be 16 years old tomorrow. Therefore, Abby can now buy a car. For the conclusion to be valid, it must be true just as the premises. Therefore, in the scenario the first premise is that you have to be 16 years old to get a driver’s license. The second is Abby will be 16 years old tomorrow. The idea of buying a car does not relate to the premises. Thus, the correct conclusion is Abby will get a driver’s license tomorrow. Answer the following in one sentence.A warrant is an underlying value or assumption that often goes unstated in an argument. It is important to be aware of the warrant because the opposing position can object to and argue against the warrant. What is the warr ant in the following claim? The first four years of college education should be provided free to all American citizens who are able. There will be many able Americans in colleges in the first four years of college education since it will be free. Write a paragraph that explains the similarities and differences between the three forms or structures of argument: Classical, Toulmin and Rogerian. Rogerian argumentation entails the pacified rapport between the writer or speaker and audience. It does not involve strict logic or logos but employs the characteristics of pathos and logos where the speaker or writer negotiates with the audience and respect their contrary views. Toulmin argumentation involves practical instances, which justify the developed ideas, and it requires data, claims, warrants, backing, rebuttal and qualifiers for the justification. An argument can be analyzed effectively with Toulmin argumentation. Classical argumentation refers to a rhetoric that captures and hooks the mood of the audience through an introduction, confirmation, concession, refutation and conclusion for effective persuasion. All three are similar in that they work in communicating a unique idea to the audience. Classical and Toulmin argumentation employ logos in terms of facts and data while Rogerian deals with pathos and ethos in terms of empathic listening. Unlike the other types, classical argumentation has an introduction and conclusion.

WHITE-COLLAR CRIME essay

WHITE-COLLAR CRIME essay WHITE-COLLAR CRIME essay WHITE-COLLAR CRIME essay  The term white-collar crime was first used by criminologist Edwin Sutherland back in 1939 for the various nonviolent crimes usually committed in commercial areas for financial gain (McNISH,  2010). There is a common misconception that the white-collar crimes do not have victims, and thus they are not that dangerous. Indeed, these crimes are committed without the use of weapons or threats of physical violence, but it does not mean that they are really harmless. According to the FBI, in the United States white collar crimes steal more than $ 300 billion a year (Gottschalk,  2011).All kinds of white collar crime are taking place in our community nowadays. The most wide spread crimes are fraud, fraud with bankruptcies, bribery, computer fraud, credit card fraud, counterfeiting and securities, corporate appropriation of funds, identity theft (using other peoples financial documents), securities transactions which use insider information, insurance fraud, mo ney laundering, obstruction of justice, perjury, tax evasion, economic espionage, artificial price bubble, etc (Williams,  R. (2013).With the rapid development of Internet technologies, there is a rapid development of Internet fraud schemes. For example, online investment scheme is one of the recent ones. Commission on Securities and Exchange Commission on Law Enforcement, and criminal trials indicate that criminals use two basic methods to manipulate securities markets for personal gain. First, in so-called pump-and-dump projects, they usually disseminate false or misleading information in order to cause a sharp rise in stock prices which are not in demand, or shares of companies not having substantial assets and leading operations. Immediately after that they sell their shares of such companies to get substantial profits before the stock price falls back to its normal low level. All other buyers of the stock, unaware of the falsity of the information, become victims of the schem e as soon as the price falls.For example, in one federal prosecution in Los Angeles, the defendants purchased shares in a bankrupt company NEI Webworld, Inc. for the sum of 130,000 dollars, directly or through an intermediary. Assets of NEI Webworld, Inc. had been liquidated several months before. Then the defendants sent e-mail messages to hundreds of Internet bulletin boards, falsely stating that wireless telecommunications company planned buyout of NEI Webworld. At the time defendants purchased shares of NEI Webworld, share price ranged from 9 to 13 cents apiece. However, one day share price of NEI Webworld rose in 45 minutes from $8 per share to $15.5-16, and half an hour later it fell to 25 cents per share. The defendants made ​​a profit of 362,625 US dollars (Benjamin,  2011).In another federal case in Los Angeles, a man who worked for California company PairGain Technologies, created a fake website Bloomberg news, which had fake news about the impending PairGa in Technologies acquisition by an Israeli company. He sent fraudulent e-mail messages with links to fake Bloomberg news site to financial news bulletins. On that day PairGain Technologies shares rose by about 30% before the company issued its own refuting press release (Wanless,  2010).At the moment in San Diego, there is a federal prosecution of massive fraud using the Internet and telemarketing to attract potential investors in the so-called general partnerships involving investments in high technology, such as Internet shopping mall and Internet access providers. The scheme defrauded more than 3,000 victims nationwide for nearly $ 50 million (Miller,  2013).Corruption, as one of the types of economic crimes, is very common in our society and it slows the development of the country. In the anti-corruption fight it is recommended to implement legislative reform, which would bring not harsher penalties for corruption, but simplification and reduction of state control (reducing t he frequency of inspections, tax cuts) in order to reduce the very possibility of abuse official position.However, legislative actions of the State can not make a decisive breakthrough in the fight against corruption (at least because of the fact that the fight against corruption sometimes is headed by corrupt officials). Decisive success is only possible by increasing the dependence of the state of citizens. This requires such long-term institutional reform as reducing the number and size of authorities, creation of special or even independent of the State institutes authorized to investigate allegations of corruption (for example, Sweden and some other countries have institution of Ombudsman), introduction of ethical standards for authorities, etc. Finally, the fight against corruption is impossible without the help of whistleblowers. In the US, the informant receives from 15% to 30% of identified material damage and he is protected from persecution of violators (Kim, 2012).Econom ists say that successful fight against corruption provides immediate benefits that are many times higher than the related expenses. According to some estimates, $1 spent for the fight with corruption brings an average of 23 dollars in the fight against corruption at the level of state and about 250 dollars in the fight at the international level (Brody,  2010).General recommendations to fight white collar crime in the community include the following actions by the state:ensuring political and economic stability in the societycreating legal framework necessary for effective fight against economic crimesimproving the system of government agencies dealing with economic crimesincreasing control of the public authorities for the activities of enterprises, which commit most economic crimes, including the activities of their officers and materially responsible personsstrengthening preventive, precautionary actions of authorities fighting with economic crimes (in particular, explore condi tions that contributed to the commission of crimes and take measures to prevent further similar crimes).Fighting white-collar crime is one of the main problems of modern society. This struggle must be carried out in all possible ways. Since the damage from such crimes is huge, the end justifies any means. According to the FBI, between 2007 and 2009, white-collar crimes amounted 3.8% of all crimes committed in the United States. Despite their relatively small number, annual average white-collar crime costs victims much more than ordinary theft or robbery. For example, average property crime costs a victim $1.8 thousand, while the average white-collar property crime costs $9.2 thousand. White-collar crimes today account 42% of all crimes committed by using a computer (Akopyan,  2010). Many experts expect the growth of this number. According to National Fraud Center, the number of arrests for white-collar crime, especially fraud and misappropriation of corporate funds, has increased dramatically over the past few years, while the number of arrests for crimes related to violence against the person declines.White-collar crime is very dangerous. It causes great damage to society and country as a whole and, ultimately, each of us. Today, fight with this type of crime is of utmost importance. State and federal laws, and the US Constitution give the federal government the authority to curb white-collar crimes. A number of federal agencies, including FBI, Tax and the US Secret Service, US Customs Service, Agency for Environmental Protection, deal with white-collar crimes. In addition, most states use their agencies to fight white-collar crime. Penalties for white collar crime are very strict, much more severe than for other crimes (Waldie,  2010).

Accounting for Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Accounting for Decision Making - Essay Example Break-even level of sales = Break-even units*Selling Price (Keiso, 1999) = 148148.15*170 = $25,185,185 Strategy #2 Fixed Cost = $25,000,000 Selling Price = $200 Variable Cost = $35 Break-even level of output = = = 151,515 units Break-even level of sales = Break-even units*Selling Price = 151515.15*200 = $30,303,030 Desired Target of Profitability The company's desired profitability target is $4 million. According to the break-even level of sales, the company must exceed the above revenue levels according to both strategies in order to be able to make profits. If the output levels, as given in the table, are taken into consideration for calculation of optimal revenue which exceeds breakeven and offers the firm with its target profitability level, the following table would provide the relevant answers to base our analysis with. Strategy 1 Â   Selling Price = $170 Estimated demand (units) Estimated Revenue ($) Profit ($) 150,000 $25,500,000 $314,815 180,000 $30,600,000 $5,414,815 200,0 00 $34,000,000 $8,814,815 Hence, if the company undertakes strategy 1, as can be seen in the table above, output levels of above 180,000 units would allow the firm to fulfill and exceed its target profitability level. This range of output also fulfills the break-even level of output therefore the firm is satisfying its desired profitability level. (Keiso, 1999) ... This level of output also has the highest probability of consumer demand levels hence the firm will benefit from undertaking this level of production and fulfilling its profitability targets. (Keiso, 1999) Margin of Safety Margin of Safety: Budgeted/Actual Sales - Breakeven Sales (Keiso, 1999) Margin of Safety (%) : MOS/(Budgeted/Actual Sales) (Keiso, 1999) Strategy 1 Â   Â   Estimated demand (units) Breakeven Sales (units) Margin of Safety (units) Margin of Safety (%) 150,000 148,148.15 1,852 1.23% 180,000 148,148.15 31,852 17.70% 200,000 148,148.15 51,852 25.93% Strategy 2 Â   Â   Estimated demand (units) Breakeven Sales (units) Margin of Safety (units) Margin of Safety (%) 150,000 151515.15 -1,515 -1.01% 180,000 151515.15 28,485 15.82% 200,000 151515.15 48,485 24.24% As stated above, the margin of safety can be expressed in either units or a percentage of the total estimated sales. These figures are important for key decision making for managers because it shows the extent by which the projected sales exceed the break-even sales. The margin of safety is an important measure of risk as it shows the amount of sales which a firm can afford to vary without incurring a loss. The higher the number, the more beneficial it is for the firm since the company would be able to withstand fluctuations in sales. A drop in the levels of sales, lower than the margin of safety would alarm the management since it would cause losses for that particular period for the firm. (Keiso, 1999) Decision The decision of whether the company should go ahead with the new product should include many other ratio and cash flow analysis and evaluations so that the management, even though they cannot avoid any risks, are able to come up with more suitable decisions. However, based

Animals and the Myriad Ways They Can Kill or Heal Us Essay - 3

Animals and the Myriad Ways They Can Kill or Heal Us - Essay Example This is in as much as the sting from the bee itself is fatal if the subject in discussion has encountered a fierce be attack from many bees whose result is incapacitation if not death. On the bright side, controlled bee stings are probably one of the first natural cures for arthritis (Krylov et al., 2007, p. 23). In the ancient civilization of countries like Egypt, India, Greece, Babylon and china bee venom was used for apitherapy. The bee venom in itself is composed of very complicated mixtures and combinations of peptides, very low molecular components and proteins (Bogdanov, 2012). In this mixture the main compositions are proteins and peptides. Its fresh counterpart mainly differs from it in regard to the volatile components but the biological activity is similar. Polypeptides: the constituents of polypeptides are the very small organelles that are composed of more than one amino acid with the main component of it being the melittin. This main component contains 2840 daltons and as a result it assumes a tetrameric form (Giri, et al., 2010, p. 95). The melittin and the protein electrophoretic patterns are typically of the honey bee species. Proteins: this component in itself is one that is catalysts specific in its reaction and since bee venom has around 5 enzymes, there is existence of very small quantities of very minimum or low molecular compounds which in themselves are not similar in any way (Bogdanov, 2012, p. 6). These may include amino acids, sugars, minerals and catecholamines. In the case of sugars, we see that they have been identified in bee venom preparations which is collected with a collector while preventing the likelihood of a contamination by pollen and nectar thus in most cases if not all, it usually does not contain carbohy drates. Composition of the dry matter of bee venom: The protein group has components that include Phospholipase A2, phospholipase B and hydraluronidase. Its counterpart i.e. peptides has

Impact of Human Activity on Migratory Activity

Impact of Human Activity on Migratory Activity Bird migration and the impact of human activity on migratory activity Migration is the movement made by animals between two separate locations on a regular basis for the purpose of accessing resources provided by these different sites (Alcock, 2013). [2]Migration is a common process throughout the entire animal kingdom. For example, there is the migration of the Monarch butterfly[3] across North America (Brown and Chippendale, 1974), the Atlantic salmons journey from river to ocean (Hansen, 1993), the marine turtles epic movement from feeding ground to breeding ground (Morreale et al., 1996) and finally there is our own species[4] migration across national and international borders. The focus of this discussion[5] however is the migration of Birds; most specifically looking at how, why and when they migrate and focusing on what exactly our impact as humans has on this very important phenomenon in the life cycle of many bird species.          Defining how migration first occurred   involves looking back over the history of migratory species and finding an evolutionary origin to the migratory lifestyle. In actual fact migration has evolved on several different occasions within the class Aves as shown in figure 1 which looks at the separate origins of migration within the family Turdidae[6]. The multiple evolutionary origins of migration suggest that there are numerous reasons as to why adopting a lifestyle that involves moving between different areas is advantageous to a species (Outlaw et al., 2003). With any adaptation, there must be a selection pressure forcing a species to develop a new strategy to be successful (Williams, 2008). In the case of bird migration, the seasonal variability of primary resources is a major driving factor for migrating but the changing climate conditions throughout the year is also one of the main benefits of being able to migrate [7](Alerstam, 2003). Birds can be long distance migrators, such as the Sooty shearwater, a sea bird that migrates approximately 64,000 km in 260 days with an daily travel distance of 900km (Schaffer et al., 2006). This heroic migration between North America and New Zealand is one of the largest migrations by a bird. In contrast the Spotted Owls of the Sierra Nevada have been observed to be altitude migrators, of short distance migrators, as they have a wintering site which is between 0.6-1.0 km closer to sea level than their usual nesting ground (Bias and Gutierrez, 1992). The comparisons between the journeys made by these two birds shows how two different environmental pressures can lead to the same solution. The long distance migrators[8] were driven to travel across continents due to the need to find a sustainable food source in changing seasonal conditions while the altitudinal migrators are driven to move based on climatic conditions[9] (Jenni and Kery, 2003). If migrating offers species a richer su pply of resources and a more favourable environment to survive in then why do only some species of birds migrate? As with many things in the natural world migration has its costs as well as its benefits, the costs and risks associated with migration are so high that not every species is adapted, nor needs to undertake the challenges migration creates. In order to travel such distances individuals need to be able to store resources by carrying extra weight leading up to the migration. This store must then be accessed during the flight meaning the individual must be able to alter their metabolism to store and release fats efficiently [10](Jenni and Jenni-Eiermann, 1998). Finally the risk of death during this journey is high as there many factors at play in the success of making the trip. The final aspect of migration is how species successfully manage to navigate from one location to another regardless of distance. There are three means of orientating observed in birds and they are pilotage, compass orientation and true navigation (Alcock, 2013). Pilotage is common in species such as homing pigeons where landmarks are used as navigational cues (Mehlhorn and Rehkà ¤mper, 2009). These landmarks could be environmental, such as rivers or forests but can also be artificial, in particular tall buildings and major roads. Migrating from one location to another without the use of cues requires a species to have a compass orientation and understanding of which direction it needs to travel to reach the location. An experiment done on the migratory European Robin showed that they can orientate using geomagnetic cues through a sense that is localised to the right eye (Wiltschko et al., 2002). True navigation is when a species has the ability to navigate towards the home location without any navigational cues and regardless of the direction (McFarland, 1999). [11]Having summarised the integral mechanisms behind migration I will now spend the remainder of this discussion focusing on what our impact as humans is on the migration of birds. Human interference on the animals we share the earth with is becoming an increasingly more serious problem. The effect we have on terrestrial migratory species may seem obvious as land use expands into new, wild territories but our effect on birds as they migrate through the power of flight is somewhat more complex. There are many factors that contribute to how we disrupt the migratory routes, territories and even the birds themselves. In parts of southern Europe and Northern Africa the illegal[12] shooting and netting of birds has become an increasingly popular industry. In Egypt 700km of nets are put up along the coastline designed to trap thousands of migrating passerine birds such as willow-warblers, red-backed shrikes and barn swallows all of which are illegal to catch under the national law (Salama, 2016). Recently there has been a strong push for the local authorities within Egypt to enforce the regulations that are in place as these nets are positioned to intersect with one o f the major migratory flyways from Africa to Eurasia as shown in Figure 2 where the area in question is within region 2. This area is not only targeted by nets in North Africa but many southern European countries such as France and Spain also engage in similar practices involving illegal netting.   In Italy, particularly in the Sicily region, shooting of birds is a common sport when migrators are making their journey to warmer climates in Africa. Unlike the mist netting practices, game hunting is legal to permit holders and the Italian authorities allow the 710,000 hunters to shoot 30 birds a day over a 2 month period (CABS, 2015).   A case against illegal hunting of birds has recently reached EU law regarding the trapping and commercial caging of birds in Malta. Many of the birds targeted are rare or protected species such as the endangered Pallid Harrier, the Purple heron and the Turtle dove (Raine et al., 2015). While the fight against illegal hunting and shooting o f these birds is ongoing, the effects of these activities in undoubtedly having a negative impact on their success. Migrating to breeding grounds that are better equipped with resources and protection should be an adaptation for success in these species. Instead they are being illegally hunted, trapped and shot while en route over this area resulting in a much lower number of birds successfully reaching breeding sites. Undoubtedly this seriously damages population size [13]of these European migrators and puts increasing strain on the challenging journey they make twice every year (Hirschfeld and Heyd, 2005). This particular study by Hirschfeld and Heyd (2005) reports that hunters are legally allowed to kill just 24 species of European native birds however a total of 82 different species were recorded to have been hunted that year. Despite the obvious illegal activity being done there is still a relaxed enforcement of these regulations across Europe and North Africa and widespread di sagreement around how to resolve the problems we, as humans, are causing. The current population of humans on earth is 7.5 billion with an annual growth so far, from January March 2017 is nearly 17 million (World population clock, 2017). As the global populations increase so to do food demands and a pressure to convert unused land into cropland or an expansion of existing urban regions. This unfortunately leads to widespread deforestation as the need for space increases on a daily basis (Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011). Deforestation is threatening the ecosystem in which many migratory birds depend on. The cloud forest in Central America is under threat due to increases in forest conversion[14]. Many of the birds species in this region are altitudinal migrators and rely on the cloud forest for breeding (Cox, 2010)[15]. That is a very localised example of how deforestation is impacting migration but on a much wider scale the destruction of tropical and deciduous forests has a huge impact on birds migrating between the two tropics. The American Redstart, a smal l passerine bird, winters in the Caribbean, South America and Central America before migrating north to North America, and Canada to breed (Sherry Holmes 1997). Breeding success in these birds depends on the quality of both the wintering and breeding habitat and disruption to tropical forests in South and Central America and to deciduous forests in North America has influenced the reproductive success of breeding pairs in these regions (Norris et al., 2004). Deforestation is not the only interference to habitat we are causing, our need to continuously change landscapes so as they are better suited to our increasingly more developed societies is impacting many important habitats for migratory birds.[16] Conversion of open land [17]into man made developments can lead to many environmental disruptions. One case that I have a personal interest in[18] is the proposed development of a new dual carriageway between Belfast and Londonderry in Northern Ireland. While there is widespread agreement that the existing A6 road has seen an increase in use over the past 10 years (Johnston, 2016) the proposed route of the new road has been highly controversial. The area in question is[19]shown in Figure 3 and the proposed route passes straight through sensitive land that is used by Whooper Swans wintering in Northern Ireland. According to the RSPB Whooper Swans are an amber list species due to their small population and limited breeding areas. The swans migrate to the UK from Iceland to winter and this particular area in figure 3 is a highly important habitat for migrating pairs. The fields are flooded regularly by the bordering Lough Neagh and so are a rich feeding habitat for these migrating birds (RSPB). A number of local and national environment agencies and organisations are working with the the Department of Infrastructure to find a compromise that protects this nationally important habitat for the Whooper Swans. While the effect on these swans is yet to be seen as work on the new road is only reaching preliminary stages this year it will undoubtedly cause disruption to these wintering populations in the years to come. While deforestation and urban development is a direct way in which we are destroying habitats of migratory birds an indirect way is through climate change. It is no secret that human activity is massively contributing to the speed at which climate change is occurring and some impacts of this is loss of habitats, reduced food availability and changing season lengths disrupting migration times (Travis, 2003; Bradshaw, 2006; Crick, 2004). In the UK we are seeing a lengthening of seasons[20] meaning birds are arriving earlier and departing later (Sparks and Mason, 2004). While this can be considered a positive for UK bird numbers the migrating species arriving early could be disadvantageous to their need of resources. While the birds may be arriving early due to the changing home[21] territory climate and the extended migratory territory season, food resources often do not sync with this change in habit. What is being observed is an increasingly unsuccessful first brood of early arrivers due to the food supply, whether it is insects or berries, not being available (Harrington et al., 1999). An example of a bird effected by this is the Waxwing, a Northern European and Scandinavian passerine bird that has increasingly been migrating to the UK during winter to access food supplies. This is because with climate change there have been fewer berries in the Northern and Boreal forests forcing the Waxwing to expand their migration further to the UK (Huntley, 2008). [22] One of the most common migratory flyways is from Africa into Europe. Figure 4 shows the different routes the Montagu Harrier uses to get from the Sahel region of Africa across the mediterranean into Europe. While I have already discussed the dangers of migrating across North Africa and Southern Europe regarding hunting, it is the journey across the Sahara desert that I will now be focusing on. The Sahel region is dominated by the Sahara desert with most of the land area being dry, arid land with the outskirts and coastal regions being populated and used for agriculture (Zeng, 2003). However in the decade the Sahel region has been under drought conditions meaning a lot of the once arable, green land is under going desertification, hence why there is a popular notion that the Sahara is expanding (Foley et al., 2003). Travelling across desert is not an easy journey to make. There is limited water, food, roosting sites and the climate is hot and dry. This means that birds such as the Mon tagu harrier (figure 4) or the Garden Warbler, both of which are summer migrants in the UK and Europe, need appropriate energy stores to attempt the journey (Jenni and Jenni-Eiermann, 1998). With this area of desert land expanding it makes the already challenging journey even more demanding on energy stores and as a result many of the smaller passerine birds such as the Garden Warbler are not as successful in migrating across Africa. Most species can not attempt the crossing in still air and require prevailing winds across the desert to aid in flight [23](Barboutis et al., 2011). With climate change set to continue the drought in the Sahel region migrating across this major ecological barrier successfully will become increasingly more challenging with a lot more pressure being put on stop off sites in North Africa and Southern Europe where there is already so much competition and hunting occurring (Trierweiler et al., 2014). Stop off sites [24]are crucial to the success of long distance migrations especially when birds are flying across challenging terrain or resourceless water. These stop off sites tend to be rich habitats that are used by migrants for intensive feeding to re stock fuel supplies for the next leg of the journey (Pomeroy et al., 2006). Common stop off sites are mud flats as they are rich in resources and often have low predation risks as migrants flock together on the shore. Species like the Sandpiper use coastal mudflats as stop over sites and a study observing site selection based on disturbances, predator presence and food abundance was conducted with results showing no preference of site when there are land disturbances or predator presence. The study by Pomeroy et al, (2006) did however provide significant results on site seleciton based on food supply indicating that this is the main purpose of choosing these sites for stop over points. One of the serious impacts of climate change i s rising sea levels and so, low lying coastal areas such as mud flats will gradually becoming permanently flooded as a result (Church and White, 2006). Sadly this means that not only are destination sites being lost but so to are the stopover areas that are essential for long distance migrators. Fighting climate change is one of the biggest environmental challenges we are undertaking. One method of cutting down the global carbon emissions, in an attempt to slow down the greenhouse effect and thus climate change, is increasing the production of renewable energy (Mitchell, 1989). Renewable energy offers clean production of resources that our expanding population demands and wind energy has made significant in roads in many countries. Unfortunately for migrating birds wind turbines are a serious hazard on their already difficult journey. Off shore wind farms are frequently causing disruption to flocks of nocturnal migrators flying across the baltic sea which has a large number of wind farms. A study taking observations of the collision frequency at a german offshore wind farm recorded a total of 442 birds of 21 different species were killed due to direct collision or subsequent death from injury over a one month period (Hà ¼ppop et al., 2006). While renewable energy is an impo rtant step towards fighting climate change, wind farm locations should be planned around major migratory flyways to reduce the impact they have on bird species. It is easy to focus on how we negatively effect migrating birds but it is equally important to highlight the positives. While climate change has resulted in a change in migration times due to longer seasons it also has meant that, particularly in temperate latitudes, there has been an increase in the length of the breeding season (Sparks and Mason, 2004). Small passerine bird that migrate breed in the UK typically have two broods during the breeding season if the food availability and weather conditions are right. However the increase in length of this breeding season has seen a boost in successful 2nd broods wit   some species such as the Reed warbler having as many as 5 broods over one season (Halupka, 2008). This increased success is due to the prolonged food supply allowing the fledglings to heighten their fitness and thus increase their chance of survival to adulthood[25]. However as mentioned previously the success of the longer breeding period is dependent on the migrat ory species arriving at a peak time where resources and weather conditions are adequate to sustain a breeding population (Harrington et al., 1999). Another negative human effect, that can also be deemed a positive, is urbanisation. Many species of migratory birds require navigational cues as means of finding flyways and locations. While in a natural environment these cues can be forests, rivers or mountains, man made structures can also prove to be very useful navigation aids (Kamil and Cheng, 2001). Studies into navigation and route choice of homing pigeons has shown that they choose to follow motorways and railway lines, using entrances and exits to navigate to their home territo[26]ry (Lipp et al., 2004). Finally, the recent initiatives of environmental agencies in the UK, such as the RSPB, to get involved and interact with garden birds has seen the number of households putting out regular bird food rise dramatically (Robb et al., 2008). While supplementary feeding provides our native garden birds, such as coal tits and blue tits, a year long food supply it also provides an invaluable resource for migrating birds. One species in particular that has started to expand its migration distance to include the UK is the Blackcap. While blackcaps were a rare site in UK gardens several decades ago they are now becoming a familiar winter addition to the suburban gardens. In the 1950s ornithologists began to notice this change in migration route, instead of choosing a south westerly migration into Spain, blackcaps have evolved a successful new route into the UK (Plummer et al., 2015). As human activity continues to threaten not just the migration of birds but global biodiversity as a whole, the Blackcaps success story is a welcomed positive of our impact on the world around us. Migration is an important adaptation in the life cycle of birds and allows many species to access resources that are necessary to survival. The evolution of a migratory life style was driven by environmental selection pressures and is now being inhibited by artificial pressures. As human activity becomes increasingly more intrusive on the environment the stress on migrating birds to navigate successfully, journey across challenging conditions and to find suitable territories is becoming ever more difficult. With stricter enforcement on hunting and capturing restrictions in Europe and North Africa the major African to Eurasia flyway could become a much safer route for migrating flocks. While that is something that can be controlled, the rate of population increase of the human race is getting higher and higher and so is the demand to provide resources, both land and food, for the population. If we changed our agricultural industry so that we are producing crops at a much more efficien t rate, the need to cut down forests would lessen and in fact we would preserve rare habitats that are used not just by native species but also visiting migrators. While we are starting to make significant strides into tackling climate change by developing renewable energy sources there is still a lot of room for consideration of environmental preservation. Finally however, it is important to highlight the improvements we are making for migrating birds, while there are only a handful of positive impacts there is room to expand and create a more global effect.[27] References      Ã‚   Alcock, J. (2013). Animal behaviour. 10th ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, pp.Pg. 153-168. Alerstam, T., Hedenstrom, A. and Akesson, S. (2003). Long-distance migration: evolution and determinants. Oikos, 103(2), pp.247-260. Outlaw, D. et al., (2003). Evolution of Long-Distance Migration in and Historical Biogeography of Catharus Thrushes: A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach. The Auk, 120(2), pp.299-310. Shaffer, S. et al., (2006). Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(34), pp.12799-12802 Bias, M. and Gutierrez, R. (1992). Habitat Associations of California Spotted Owls in the Central Sierra Nevada. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 56(3), p.584. Butler, C. (2003). The disproportionate effect of global warming on the arrival dates of short-distance migratory birds in North America. Ibis, 145(3), pp.484-495. Jenni, L. and Kery, M. (2003). Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migrants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1523), pp.1467-1471. Jenni, L. and Kery, M. (2003). Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migrants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1523), pp.1467-1471. Wiltschko, W., Traudt, J., Gà ¼ntà ¼rkà ¼n, O., Prior, H. and Wiltschko, R. (2002). Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird. Nature, 419(6906), pp.467-470. McFarland, D. (1999). Animal behaviour. 3rd ed. Longman Scientific Technical. Mehlhorn, J. and Rehkà ¤mper, G. (2009). Neurobiology of the homing pigeon-a review. Naturwissenschaften, 96(9), pp.1011-1025. Boere, G., Galbraith, C. and Stroud, D. (2007). Waterbirds around the world. 1st ed. Edinburgh Stationery Office. CABS, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.komitee.de/en/projects/italy [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Travis, J. (2003). Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1514), pp.467-473. Raine, A., Gauci, M. and Barbara, N. (2015). Illegal bird hunting in the Maltese Islands: an international perspective. Oryx, 50(04), pp.597-605. HIRSCHFELD, A. A. HEYD (2005): Mortality of migratory birds caused by hunting in Europe: bag statistics and proposals for the conservation of birds and animal welfare. Ber. Vogelschutz 42: 47-74 Worldometers.info. (2017). World Population Clock: 7.5 Billion People (2017) Worldometers. [online] Available at: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Lambin, E. and Meyfroidt, P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), pp.3465-3472. Cox, G. (2010). Bird Migration and Global Change. 1st ed. Washington: Island Press. Chpt 10. SHERRY, T. and HOLMES, R. (1997). American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). The Birds of North America Online. Norris, D., Marra, P., Kyser, T., Sherry, T. and Ratcliffe, L. (2004). Tropical winter habitat limits reproductive success on the temperate breeding grounds in a migratory bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271(1534), pp.59-64. BBC News. (2016). A6 upgrade: Legal challenge to road through Heaney country BBC News. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-38094217 [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Hodges, Lindsay. [Photograph, 2017] Whooper Swans in Northern Ireland. JPEG file. Johnston, W. (2016). A6 Legal Challenge what now?. Word press: Northern Ireland Roads. RSPB. Campaign for Nature: A6 duelling proposals. [online] Available at: https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/our-positions-and-campaigns/campaigning-for-nature/casework/details.aspx?id=tcm:9-229175 [Accessed 16. Mar. 2017] Bradshaw, W. (2006). CLIMATE CHANGE: Evolutionary Response to Rapid Climate Change. Science, 312(5779), pp.1477-1478. Crick, H. (2004). The impact of climate change on birds. Ibis, 146, pp.48-56. Harrington, R. et al., (1999). Climate change and trophic interactions. Trends in Ecology Evolution, 14(4), pp.146-150. Sparks, T. and Mason, C. (2004). Can we detect change in the phenology of winter migrant birds in the UK?. Ibis, 146, pp.57-60. Huntley, B. (2008). Plant species response to climate change: implications for the conservation of European birds. Ibis, 137, pp.S127-S138.   Trierweiler, C. et al., (2014). Migratory connectivity and population-specific migration routes in a long-distance migratory bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1778), pp.20132897-20132897. Zeng, N. (2003). ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Drought in the Sahel. Science, 302(5647), pp.999-1000. Foley, J. et al., (2003). Regime Shifts in the Sahara and Sahel: Interactions between Ecological

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essays -- essays papers

A Raisin in the Sun In A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry portrays obstacles that the Younger family and other African Americans had to face and over come during the post World War 2 era. Obstacles that had to be over come by the Youngers were economical, moral, social, and racist obstacles. Lorraine Hansberry, the author of the play had to face one of these as well growing up. Born in Chicago on the south side in an all black neighborhood, Lorraine Hansberry and her family had to deal with segregation. Moving to a white neighborhood in Chicago, her family had to deal with threats of violence and legal action. Her father defended the case successfully all the way to the Supreme Court.(sparknotes1) Her parents were well known in national black culture and political circles, which probably sparked her to latter become a reporter and editor for the Freedom, a black newspaper in New York from 1950-53. Hansberry relates her life situations through her play by having the Younger family deal with a similar circumstance. In the play Lena Younger or better known as mama, receives a 10,000-dollar check because her husband had past away. She decides to buy a house in Clybourne Park, which is an all white neighborhood. After finding out a black family is moving to Clybourne the so-called Organization Committee sends out a Mr. Lindner to welcome the Youngers. He d...

Original writing assignment Essay

   It was a beautiful sight, picturesque even, all around were fields of lush green grass with steep hills, deep valleys and evergreen trees. In front of him there was a lake with beautiful sparkling blue water, with beavers going about their daily business, fishes swimming and birds singing. However, as he glanced across to the other side of the lake the boy laid eyes upon an almighty cave. The water on this side of the lake was brown with dead fish floating on the surface. The banks surrounding this part of the lake were simply bare rocks threatening to crush anything with the misfortune of touching them. There were no birds singing or beavers playing. Not a single living thing dwelled on those premises and it was obvious why. Who in there right minds would rather live there than on the stunning view that was just meters from the grim scene? The boy drew his gaze away from the lake and noticed many little buildings with thatched roofs and only one floor. In front of these unusual and certainly old-fashioned buildings stood small families of people all dressed in pretty much the same way. The women wore long brown and white frilly dresses. They all looked like servants. The men also wore brown and white but these were brown tattered trousers and a white V-necked shirt. At a glance down at his attire, the boy noticed he was wearing exactly the same as the other boys that he had seen. He was tired and decided that he should get some rest; a fall from the sky into unfamiliar territory can really take it out of you. The young boy slowly advanced towards the nearest house. He was walking straight towards the 3 people stood in front of it, but the didn’t even seem to have noticed him. The boy was only 20 metres from them now but their gaze was still fixed to where he had first landed. He was now only 10 metres from them and could clearly see every single crevice on their skin. That was then he noticed the boy in front was not only dressed identically to him he was also exactly the same height and build with the same blonde hair blue eyes. He even had exactly the same horseshoe shaped birthmark on his neck. The young boy looked extremely confused and turned to the women in a desperate search for an explanation. To his horror, the woman was looking straight through him. This feeling of horror rapidly swapped itself with a feeling of utter disbelief, he recognised this women but where from. He opened is mouth to ask if she too recognised him. However, as soon as the first letter rolled of his tongue and dissipated into the air the almighty rumbling started again. This was much worse then the soft rumbling he had become accustomed to during his dreams. This was a full-blown earthquake style rumbling. The whole ground was shaking. The voices started again. He could finally make sense of the voices â€Å"Help David, the cave, help† it started of with just the women but very quickly the rest of the people joined in. He finally realised where he recognised that woman from. It was his mum, but it wasn’t. It couldn’t be it had to be a bad dream. The voices were unbelievably loud now. He could not take much more of this. David dropped to his knees willing himself to wake up. He didn’t. Of course, he didn’t: He couldn’t. There was only one thing he could do. The young boy sprinted to the cave, as soon as his size 7 shoes made contact with the cold grey stone the voices stopped, and the rumbling subsided. The inside of the cave was massive. David was standing in what seemed to be an ally. It had a grey floor and red-stone wall. In this alley of a cave ran a small, dirty brown stream. David decided to follow the stream. The silence was deafening. He was right in the centre of his worst nightmares yet the scene he was now living resembled his dreams in no way what so ever. He was expecting an increasingly loud rumble as he became ever closer to the source of all his sleepless nights. However, it was in no way at all like this. All David could hear was the ‘splat’ as his feet slapped against the wet floor. All he could do was walk straight into the caves belly, he could not go back outside, he couldn’t face the screaming. He had to sort this, now, once and for all. The relatively small walk was taking forever, a whole hour seemed to have passed as David walked through the cave however in reality it was closer to a minute. At last, the young boy had reached his destination. It certainly was not what he had expected. He was standing on a floor of grey stone. In front of him was a ring of water. Inside this ring was a small island containing one thing and one thing only; a white, round crystal. A rickety rope bridge hung loosely over the deep murky water. This was the end; he had reached the end of the cave, the end of the nightmares. It had to be something to do with that crystal, but what? David had obviously made his mind up as he cautiously walked to the bridge. He checked the ropes, it seemed secure enough but there was only one way to find out. He raised his foot and slowly but surely placed his foot on to the bridge. As soon as his foot connected with the nearly rotten wood an almightily high-pitched scream pierced through the silence, the rumbling once again shook David’s brain, and a short stab of bright light temporarily illuminated the area before subsiding into a low shimmer. The rumbling didn’t stop, it got considerably worse. The bridge was shaking; water was spraying from the stream in huge waves. He had to keep going, this torture had to end. David lunged and grabbed the crystal. A searing pain swarmed through David’s entire body. A brilliant light blinded him. Everything went white. David could no longer hear the high-pitched screams; he did not feel the ice-cold water flooding over the top of him. The rumbling stopped, so did the screaming and the crystal returned to the dull colourless state in which it started. David was nowhere to be seen.   All this happened 14 years ago. I have been all alone here ever since, still experiencing the same horrific dreams. Although now it’s all changed. You are here. The man thrust his hands forwards, palms out. There was writing burnt into the skin. Help David Our Saviour. Harry Litchfield Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

The Possibilities of Brave New World in Our Society

The dystopian novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, displays a controlled society where people have a designated position. Everyone is conceived in test tubes and placed in different caste: Alpha, Beta, Gama, Delta, or Epsilon. The upper caste, Alpha, is intelligent and have managerial jobs, where as the lower caste, Epsilon, do the manual labor. The people within the society are conditioned to love, hate, or certain things their caste requires. For instance the Alphas are set to believe that they have the best jobs despite how much work they have, whereas the Epsilons believe their jobs are better because they have to work less than the other castes. The science and technology within Brave New World is what makes this society possible. The science and technology being invented today have the potential to make our real world society end up like the society much like in Brave New World. 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