The Causes and Effects of Global Recession. - 3720 Words

INTRODUCTION Here a definition a recession as well a global recession is mentioned. Some causes and effects has been listed. Due to recession occurring, I have identified the effects of recession based on Tesco. The causes and effects of global recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its results in the mid of 2007 into 2008. Worldwide stock markets have subsided, financial institutions have dropped and governments in even the richest nations have had to develop packages to assist their financial organizations. Recession is defined as a slowdown of activities in the economy over a time. The major effect of recession is Inflation as well as currency crisis. A decrease in income may be another†¦show more content†¦A decrease in world GDP occurred in many countries, specifically in developing countries. Imports have also declined significantly in importing countries. This was obvious in countries such as China, Taiwan, Mexico, Egypt and Russia. it was stated that GDP fell to 3.8% in the U.S. The impact of recession on employment may not be felt for some time. Investigation in Britain shows that low-skilled, low-educated workers and the immature are in a weak position to unemployment in a dow nturn. It took Britain five years for unemployment to go back to its initial levels. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered their target rates. They then raised the funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This added to an increase in number of years to the adjustable-rate mortgage rates and made it more expensive for homeowners. As a result, this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble. Gross Domestic Product declined at an in the last two years in the United States. When GDP collapses, economic growth will also plunge. This is as a result of fewer goods being manufactured and therefore the rate of exports will reduce. It is said that when exports decrease, it will not have sufficient funds to accommodate any growth in the economy what so ever. As a result in the decline in GDP, employment rate will sooner or later begin to drop. As a result of the credit crunch, consumers have less purchasing power thereforeShow MoreRelatedEconomic Recession1290 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Recession of 2007 William Mwangi Class title and section Professor’s name Due date of Assignment: 26th August 2011. William Mwangi Economic crisis Class Professor’s name 24th August, 2011. Economic Recession of 2007: What caused it and what were the after effects? Can we predict another major recession? Thesis Statement: Although the recession that dates back in 2007 is still long and deep and surely has shown some recovery, the potential that it will completelyRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"the Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, Policies and Prospects† Dominick Salvatore, Journal of Politics Society, Columbia University1110 Words   |  5 PagesFundamental of Economics Analysis of â€Å"The Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, Policies and Prospects† Dominick Salvatore, Journal of Politics Society, Columbia University June 2010 Marija Nikolic December 2012 Global financial crises has brought into focus debate about decisions made by the countries which are leading economic forces, making them to reconsider past living standards and habits. With the aim to examine the causes, effects, policies and prospects for the financial crisisRead MoreThe World s Economy Was Devastated1732 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 4 GEOG200 Bradley Bache 3129292 Submitted September 10, 2015 In 1929, the western world’s economy was devastated. With the crash of the United States Wall Street, the realm drove into what is now known as the â€Å"Great Recession†. Its neighbour to the north, Canada also felt these affects as unemployment and poverty grew. After a decade of despair, the massive rise in government spending for the Second World War and the reductions in taxes, the economies returned to prosperRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 2008 Was A Worldwide Economic Downturn1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Recession of 2008 was a worldwide economic downturn that impacted the global economy. Economists consider the economic decline as one of the most damaging recessions that occurred since the Great Depression of 1930’s. Several documentations and research regarding the recession have been made to make a better understanding of the economic downturn in 2008 as well as the global economy as a whole. The book used as reference in this essay, the Dia ry Of A Very Bad Year: Confessions of an AnonymousRead MoreUnderstanding the Economic Recession in America Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe economic recession of the late 2000s has been called the greatest economic downturn our country has faced since the Great Depression. American businesses and banks are failing, foreclosures are spreading like wildfire, and unemployment numbers have reached double digits. Under our current president, many are optimistic, but many others are fearful for the future. Economists have different speculations regarding the causes of the â€Å"Great Recession†. Some blame it on higher prices for necessitiesRead MoreFinancial Crisis Of A Single Country1671 Words   |  7 PagesContents Summary 2 Financial crisis 3 Impact of financial crisis 4 Effect of financial crisis on different on the economies of different countries 5 Mathematical problems 6 Conclusiom 8 References ..................................................................................................................................................9 Summary Financial crisis has long been a part of global economic recession throughout the history. Here, the purpose of this assignment is to identifyRead MoreThe Role of Banks in Economic Recessions1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of banks in economic recessions 05.05.2009 In today’s wavering global economic context, the word `crisis` is omnipresent, taking the media by assault and infringing into the population’s daily life, although many countries haven’t even officially entered recession yet. Although recession is generally referred to as a negative Gross Domestic Product growth for a period of at least two consecutive quarters, other important economicRead MoreThe Great Recession in the year 20081063 Words   |  5 PagesRecession 16Specifically, Freund (2009) defines global downturns as years when world real GDP growth is (1) below 2 percent, (2) more than 1.5 percentage points below the previous five-year average, and (3) at its minimum relative to the previous two years and the following two years. 1975, 1982, 1991, 2001, and 2008 Freund (2009) describes the evolution of world trade following four previous global downturns. She finds that the size of the decline in world trade during these episodes is Read MoreThe World Experienced A Tremendous Financial Crisis Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction In 2008, the world experienced a tremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resultedRead MoreImpact of Financial Crisis on Gulf Area Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesBackground The global financial crisis that was experienced in 2007/2008 affected many nations of the world. Some countries such as America and most European countries were hard hit since they were directly affected by the crisis. Other countries especially those in Asia and Africa were not adversely affected as they were not directly hit by the crisis. This crisis started in the United States after the housing bubble busted. Although the bursting of the housing bubble was the main cause of the crisis

Technological Advancements Switching to e-Books - 1182 Words

Teachers and principals think switching to e-books will be a major step in modernizing the citys schools (Lowinger 2). E-books are an online version of a normal standard textbook. Some schools are switching to e-books because the world is becoming more involved with technology. Technology is becoming more and more advanced these days. Adults think it is important to teach teenagers how to work with the new technology (Springen 2). Technology has come a long way since textbooks came out. Textbooks have developed throughout the years and now they are able to be on electronic devices. Reading e-books does not have to be at a computer. Almost all devices used for school can have online books downloaded on them. People can read e-books on†¦show more content†¦Teenagers who have to carry the average of 20 pounds between classes and throughout a campus or school can become tired and worn out. Teens want to have a break in between classes and not have to carry around 20 pounds worth of books. Students always complain about how heavy their textbooks are. With e-books teens only have to carry one simple device with multiple of their books stored on it (Piels 1). An online device can have many e-books stored, instead of carrying multiple books. E-books contain many more features than an ordinary textbook. Online textbooks contain the same content and layout as an ordinary textbook would contain (Piels 1). E-books are not any different from textbooks other than they are online and may have more features. E-books have different formats to read the print. Depending on the e-book a student has will decide the format of the print (â€Å"What†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). Some e-books contain more features than a standard textbook. Some features â€Å"can range from an integrated dictionary, online and media tie-ins that go over sections of the book, and a text-to-speech reader† (McNeil 1). E-books can make many things easier for students. Teachers’ lectures can sometimes to be hard to follow and take notes on at once. E-books have the feature of highlighting notes; therefore, it can be easier to listen to the teacher (McNeil 1). Sometimes when a student has to quote a long paragraph or sentence it can be timeShow MoreRelatedB ook Publishing in 2010 Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesSummary This paper is about Book publishing industry in the USA. Main analysis are done using Porter’s five forces analysis. First analysis is on industry before e-books while indentifying main levels of threats for industry from existing rivalry, new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and substitutions. Also, same research is being conducted for industry after e-books emerged. Next part is looking to the future of industry and identifying main opportunities andRead MoreBook Publishing in 2010 Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesSummary This paper is about Book publishing industry in the USA. Main analysis are done using Porter’s five forces analysis. First analysis is on industry before e-books while indentifying main levels of threats for industry from existing rivalry, new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and substitutions. Also, same research is being conducted for industry after ebooks emerged. Next part is looking to the future of industry and identifying main opportunities Read MoreHow Has the Use of E-Mail Changed Business Communications?867 Words   |  4 PagesHow Has The Use Of E-mail Changed Business Communications? One cannot underestimate the impact that e-mail has had on the workplace. E-mail could quite possibly be the most significant development of the recent technological advancements, as many business managers have recognized it as the single most important part of today’s information technology (Currid, 1993). It is more convenient that the old methods of face-to-face meetings, â€Å"snail mail†, and telephone calls. 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This has opened up new gateways for the retail sector in the face of the home delivery, and has resulted in the reduction of customer’s footfall. Advances in products themselves have driven change, such as digital downloads of entertainment media from books to computer games. Retailers with numerous stores over the UK perceive that they no more fundamentallyRead MoreInformation Flow in Large Communication Nets by Leonard Kleinrock1967 Words   |  8 PagesTaylor to helped create the idea of the network that is known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) that some claimed to be for military purposes for the Unites State Government and the Pentagon. APRANET is the world’s first packet switching network and the core network of a set that later came to compose the global Internet, later connected on October 29, 1969. (â€Å"when did,† n.d.). furthermore, as explained by Boutell (n.d.) the internet initial creation was boosted by Larry G. 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Healthcare Services

Questions: 1. How will the culture affect the support provided for the aging population? 2. How will the two countries play out differently in managing the aging population? Answers: Introduction Asia is struggling with the issue of aging population. Population ageing is the shift in the distribution of countries population towards older age. This phenomenon is prevalent worldwide, but it is growing faster in less-developed areas. It means that more elderly person will be increasing in lower developed countries. The main reason for this is a sustained baby boom, hasty reduction in fertility and decline in mortality rate. It will have a severe impact on the rate of future economic growth, operation, and integrity of health care and well-being of the aging population. The issue of population aging has decreased considerably in Europe, but it will have a great impact in Asia. The article will identify two countries in Asia and compare and contrast the challenge faced by two countries in managing the ageing population. The study will critically analyze and look into various aspects related to issues of aging population. Demographic changes in two countries of Asia Japan and China are the two countries identified in Asia facing issues of aging population. Japan has the highest proportion of aging citizens. About 22% of the Japnaese population is greater than the age of 60. Over the past several years, Japan's demographic has shifted a lot. The countries population began falling from 2004, and it is ageing faster than any other planet. It is estimated that by 2050 the countries population will decline from 128 million in 2007 to 95 million in 2050. It has occurred due to low fertility rates, high life expectancy and decline of populations since 2011. The driving force for the change is advancement in health care, migration, and change in birth patterns. Japan had a history of low childbearing rate (Hanley Yamamura, 2015). Since the 1950s, the birth rate in Japan has been below population replacement level. The birth rate has dropped almost every year. Analyzing this trend into the long-term projection, it is estimated that about 25% will never marry and about 38% will never have babies. In addition to the decline in birth rate, Japan's population is also living longer. It has life-expectancy, and it is one of the healthiest countries in the world. Life-expectancy is expected to increase from 86 to 90 years for women and 79 to 84 years in men by 2055. Earlier there were six workers for every retiree but now it by 2025 it will be two workers for every retiree. It will have the impact on tax revenue, welfare and medical health of the population (Shirakawa 2012). China is the country with the highest number of population in the world. Two major factors in determining population aging are declining fertility and increasing longevity. China has experienced the fastest decline in fertility reducing from 6 births per women in 1995 to 2 births in the 1990s. By the year 2050, half of the population will be over 45 years of age and quarter of the population will be older than 65 years old. During the 19560s it, life expectancy was 50-60 years which increased to 72 in 2005. The impact of 1970s fertility decline was seen in 2005 histogram (Knox Marston, 2014).The fertility rate was only 1.7 in 2005. In 1950 China had a pyramid shaped structure with base comprising of young people, 4% of the population was above 65. By 2005 the 65+ population increased to 8%, and it is projected to rise to about 16% by 2030. To decrease the population they have adopted several strategies. One important policy is one child policy. China's population is rapidly aging du e to lower mortality rate, low birth rate, and one child policy. It will create a financial problem in the future, and the population will not be competitive in the future. The countries shift toward ageing population will have the huge impact on the economy and investment opportunities of countries. The Chinese government will then have to alter its budgetary policies (Scharping, 2013). Policies in two countries The Japan Government has implemented various policies to check the issue of aging population. One was the angel plan of 19955-1999. It was executed by Ministry of Education, Health, Labour, and Construction. It proposed an improvement in child care centers and maternity medical care system. There was one New Angel Policy' in 2000-2004. It had a higher target than previous policies. Another gender equality policy was implemented in 2005-2009 called the New New Angel Plan.' Its focus was on the independence of youth, giving support to family and employment and support in child rearing. Other alternative policies were provided in the form of economic assistance. The Government gave expenditure for pregnancy, child care, housing, and education (Ezeh et al., 2012). Social Security benefits were provided in the form of pensions, medical care, and financial support. Workplace environment was adjusted by the increase in work flexibility, enforcing vacation time, changing gender equality poli cy in corporate culture and availability of child care services for part-time workers. Japan Government is developing policies to encourage fertility and engage more population particularly women and children in the workforce. They gave incentive for family formation by giving an opportunity for child care, new benefits for children and state sponsor service. There are policies for engaging more women in the workplace to include longer maternity leave and legal protection against pregnancy discrimination (Campbell, 2014). One of the famous policies of China to check population control was one-child policy. It was introduced in 1980 and phased out in 2015. A significant amount of population was subjected to the strict one-child restriction. This system was exempted only for ethnic minorities. Only those couples were allowed to have a second child whose first child was a girl. They imposed fines for violation of the policy. They organized awareness programs and did inspection work to check violation. About 400 million births were prevented by this policy (Feng et al., 2013). The draconian law left an emotional, social and psychological scar on the population of the country and its citizens. The disparity in gender ratio is increased. But after analyzing the growth in an aging population of China, the Communist Party of China changed the policy to two-child policy on 29 October 2015. The new law finally came into force on January 1, 2016, after it was passed by the Standing Committee of The National Peop les Congress on 27 December 2015. This decision of China to lift one-child policy will be helpful in diversifying country aging population issue and increase the male population. The relaxed control system will resolve labor deficit and age population issue to some extent. Low birth rate also occurred due to personal choices. The United Nation has predicted older population by 2100. The population of major countries will be above the age of 65 (Gong et al., 2012). The challenge for International Organization is to reorient policies to control ageing population in countries like Asia. The number of elder person in the less developed country is expected to rise to 690 million by 2030. As the elderly population will be at high risk of disease and disability, it will put immense pressure on the health-care system. Therefore, it will be a challenge for developing countries to reorient health sectors by managing diseases and health care needs of elderly. Therefore, two major steps by International Policymakers are shifting health sector priorities and investing in support for old age. Population aging will be accompanied by an epidemiological shift in infectious diseases. To prevent diseases, WHO has launched Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions. According to that framework, health care system should provide support to reduce the burden of disease. It advises prevention approach that can mitigate the problem and give better lifestyle to citizens.U nited Nations Population Fund (UNPA) also works to create awareness about population ageing and address the challenges for society. It supports data collection to provide foundation for creating policies and integrating ageing issues in national development programs. Its primary focus is on policy creation, data collection, research, and advocacy. It supports development of evidence-based strategies that look after issues related to population ageing (Moulaert Biggs, 2013). Culture Japan has a multi-layered culture which is developing and transforming with time. It has aa history of deep tradition practice, but its society is always changing with increasing population, change in lifestyle and technology developments. Japanese people appear to be socially homogenous people. The country lies on the eastern coast of the Asian continent. It consists of five islands namely Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. The country is highly urbanized and has high population density. Two major religions are Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese follow Shinto and Buddhist rituals in their life. They have a very tolerant attitude towards religion. Kimono is the famous traditional dress worn by Japanese people. Its staple food includes rice, baked fish, vegetables, etc. They use a large amount of alcohol in their diet. It is a tolerant country for drunken people. They have their form of entertainment (Fujita et al., 2013). China is a country known for the high population in the world. It is a multi-racial country with 55 ethnic groups. The Chinese culture is influenced by its long history and diverse ethnic groups. These groups have different customs and tradition which varies from town to cities. Different religion is practiced here, but it is mainly dominated by a Confucian value system. Different religions are Buddhism, Islam, Taoism, Christianity and other religions. Confucianism is nothing but quasi-religion. This value is present in China since its foundation by Confucius 2000 years ago. Confucianism values lay stress on self-restraint, maintaining the proper relationship with other and social harmony. It respects hierarchy and emphasizes loyalty in family relations and friend. It encourages human to be the perfect gentleman. These values are embedded in Chinese culture and behavior. Some people give great importance to developing the personal relationship in business. Dining and drinking are the best ways for Chinese to build relationship and business connections (Atchley et al., 2014). The diversity of the population is a challenge for health care system, its providers and policy makers. They have a challenge in delivering culturally competent services. This objective is achieved when health care services meet the social, cultural and linguistic needs of patients. The culture of different countries and its citizens have an impact on health service outcomes. A culturally competent health care system leads to the elimination of racial and ethnic disparities. It can be achieved by giving medical staff training on cultural competence and how to address cross-cultural issues in patients. The policies created for this purpose further reduces cultural and linguistic barriers in treating patients. The racial and ethnic group has a higher rate of morbidity and mortality due to illness. Therefore, health services should give more priority to improving conditions of the ethnic population (Barrera et al., 2013). Therefore from the overall report on the issue of aging population, it is recommended that culturally sensitive policies should be implemented that reduces the impact of ageing population. The primary purpose of health care system should be the improvement in safety, effectiveness, efficiency, equity and patient-centered care. Equity in health delivery will ensure that each and every individual receive quality care. The quality of care should not discriminate by race, ethnicity and personal characteristics of the patient. Quality care will be delivered by ensuring the safety of patients and taking care to avoid injuries. Timeliness should be maintained by minimizing delay in the treatment procedure. Patient-centered care should be provided that looks after individual patient needs and preference for treatment. Health care organizations can arrange for programs that create understanding of cultural competence in health care staff. A cultural competence assessment should be prepared, a nd changes should be implemented based on that assessment (Purnell, 2014). Conclusion From the detailed report above, it can be summarized that it was valuable information on the issue of population ageing worldwide and in countries in Asia. It mainly addresses the problem of population ageing in Japan and China. It described the challenges faced by the world in an increase of aging population. Based on the two countries, it gave the report on demographic changes since the last fifty years and what steps Government has taken to curb population ageing. It discusses the policies made by the country for addressing the issue of an aging population. It explained how the culture of different countries could affect health care service and cope with an ageing population. It gave recommendations on how health care services can develop culturally competent strategies in health care and mitigate the problem face in the good outcome of health care. Reference Atchley, P., Shi, J., Yamamoto, T. (2014). Cultural foundations of safety culture: A comparison of traffic safety culture in China, Japan and the United States.Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour,26, 317-325. Barrera Jr, M., Castro, F. G., Strycker, L. A., Toobert, D. J. (2013). Cultural adaptations of behavioral health interventions: A progress report.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,81(2), 196. Campbell, J. C. (2014).How policies change: The Japanese government and the aging society. Princeton University Press. Ezeh, A. C., Bongaarts, J., Mberu, B. (2012). Global population trends and policy options.The Lancet,380(9837), 142-148. Feng, W., Cai, Y., Gu, B. (2013). Population, Policy, and Politics: How Will History Judge China's Oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Child Policy?.PoPulation and develoPment review,38(s1), 115-129. Fujita, S., Seto, K., Ito, S., Wu, Y., Huang, C. C., Hasegawa, T. (2013). The characteristics of patient safety culture in Japan, Taiwan and the United States.BMC health services research,13(1), 1. Gong, P., Liang, S., Carlton, E. J., Jiang, Q., Wu, J., Wang, L., Remais, J. V. (2012). Urbanisation and health in China.The Lancet,379(9818), 843-852. Hanley, S. B., Yamamura, K. (2015).Economic and demographic change in preindustrial Japan, 1600-1868. Princeton University Press. Knox, P. L., Marston, S. A. (2014).Human geography: Places and regions in global context. Pearson. Moulaert, T., Biggs, S. (2013). International and European policy on work and retirement: Reinventing critical perspectives on active ageing and mature subjectivity.Human Relations,66(1), 23-43. Purnell, L. D. (2014).Guide to culturally competent health care. FA Davis. Scharping, T. (2013).Birth Control in China 1949-2000: Population policy and demographic development. Routledge. Shirakawa, M. (2012). Demographic changes and macroeconomic performance: Japanese experiences.Opening Remark at.

Real Option free essay sample

Some questions may require you to use financial calculator or Excel. (In the final exam, for students without financial calculator, writing down the formula will be enough. However, those formulas must be correct to get full credit. Therefore, it is a good practice to check whether you are correct by using Excel for these practice questions) 1. How are real options different from financial options? 2. Consider the following project data: (1)A $500 feasibility study will be conducted at t = 0. (2)If the study indicates potential, the firm will spend $1,000 at t = 1 to build a prototype. The best estimate now is that there is an 80 percent chance that the study will indicate potential, and a 20 percent chance that it will not. (3)If reaction to the prototype is good, the firm will spend $10,000 to build a production plant at t = 2. The best estimate now is that there is a 60 percent chance that the reaction to the prototype will be good, and a 40 percent chance that it will be poor. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Option or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Based on this information what is the project’s net present value? Answer : -$1,104,607 4. If Diplomat goes ahead with this project today, the project will create additional opportunities five years from now (t = 5). The company can decide at t = 5 whether or not it wants to pursue these additional opportunities. Based on the best information that is available today, the company estimates that there is a 35 percent chance that its technology will be successful, in which case the future investment opportunities will have a net present value of $6 million at t = 5. There is a 65 percent chance that its technology will not succeed, in which case the future investment opportunities will have a net present value of -$6 million at t = 5. Diplomat. com does not have to decide today whether it wants to pursue these additional opportunities. Instead, it can wait until after it finds out if its technology is successful. However, Diplomat. com cannot pursue these additional opportunities in the future unless it makes the initial investment today. What is the estimated net present value of the project, after taking into account the future opportunities? Enter the following data inputs in the financial calculator: N = 5; I = 10; PMT = 0; FV = 2,100,000; and then solve for PV = $1,303,935. Step 3: Find the NPV of the entire project considering its future opportunities: -$1,104,607 + $1,303,935 = $199,328. (The following information applies to the next two problems. ) 5. Oklahoma Instruments (OI) is considering a project that has an up-front cost of $250,000. The project’s subsequent cash flows critically depend on whether its products become the industry standard. There is a 50 percent chance that the products will become the industry standard, in which case the project’s expected cash flows will be $110,000 at the end of each of the next five years. There is a 50 percent chance that the products will not become the industry standard, in which case the project’s expected cash flows will be $25,000 at the end of each of the next five years. Assume that the cost of capital is 12 percent. Based on this information, what is the project’s expected net present value? Answer : -$ 6,678 6. Now assume that one year from now OI will know if its products will have become the industry standard. Also assume that after receiving the cash flows at t = 1, the company has the option to abandon the project. If it abandons the project it will receive an additional $100,000 at t = 1, but will no longer receive any cash flows after t = 1. Assume that the abandonment option does not affect the cost of capital. What is the NPV of the project with this abandonment option? Answer : $4,066 or 4,067 The time line of cash flows are as follows. t=0 : -250,000 With probability 0. 5, t=1 to t=5 : 110,000 And with probability 0. 5, t=1 : 125,000